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Provo was a Dutch counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait. It was preceded by the nozem movement and followed by the hippie movement. Provo was founded, on 25 May 1965, by Robert Jasper Grootveld, an anti-smoking activist, and the anarchists Roel van Duijn and Rob Stolk. The term was used for the movement as a whole and for individual members. Provo was officially disbanded on 13 May 1967. ==Beginnings== The Provos are thought to have evolved out of the artist Robert Jasper Grootveld's anti-smoking happenings in June 1964. The following year other groups appeared as a fusion of small groups of youths around the pacifist ban-the-bomb movement. Roel van Duijn is thought to have been the group's theorist, influenced by anarchism, Dadaism, Herbert Marcuse and the Marquis de Sade. The Provos borrowed their name from Wouter Buikhuisen, who in doctoral dissertation in 1965, talked about “young trouble-makers” as "provos", a word derived from the Dutch word ''provoceren'' meaning to provoke. Bernhard de Vries states that the Provos comprised four groups of people: *"The happeners": those managing happenings in Amsterdam and Antwerp, combining non-violence with absurd humour to provoke the police. The police were regarded as “essential non-creative elements for a successful happening” and “co-happeners”. *"The beatniks and hipsters". *"The thinkers": those publishing Provo ideas in magazines and pamphlets, including Provo, Revo, Eindelijk, and University of Amsterdam student weekly ''Propria Cures''. *"The activists" or the “street Provos” who engaged in direct action with the intent to influence public opinion.〔Kryštof Zeman, ''Provo movement and its influence on the City of Amsterdam'', 1998〕 Harry Mulisch's book, ''Bericht aan de rattenkoning'' (''Message to the Rat King'', 1966), reflects upon the riots following the Telegraaf’s coverage on a worker’s death in a protest: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Provo (movement)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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